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Dolphin-safe labels are used to denote compliance with laws or policies designed to minimize dolphin fatalities during fishing for tuna destined for canning. Some labels impose stricter requirements than others. Dolphin-safe tuna labeling originates in the United States.〔(An account of the dolphin-safe tuna issue in the UK ) James Brown, 2004〕 The term Dolphin Friendly is often used in Europe, and has the same meaning, although in Latin America, the standards for Dolphin Safe/Dolphin Friendly tuna is often weaker than elsewhere. The labels have become increasingly controversial since their introduction, particularly among sustainability groups in the U.S., but this stems from the fact that Dolphin Safe was never meant to be an indication of tuna sustainability. While the Dolphin Safe label and its standards has legal status in the United States under the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act, a part of the US Marine Mammal Protection Act,〔Full Text of MMPA http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/text.htm〕 tuna companies around the world adhere to the standards on a voluntary basis, verified by the non-governmental organization Earth Island Institute, based in Berkeley, CA.〔http://www.earthisland.org/dolphinSafeTuna/consumer/〕 The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission has promoted an alternative Dolphin Safe label, but the standards are much weaker than the US standards under statute or the voluntary international standards set by Earth Island Institute, and is largely confined to Latin America.〔http://www.iattc.org/DolphinSafeENG.htm〕 According to the U.S. Consumers Union, these labels provide no guarantee that dolphins are not harmed during the fishing process because verification is neither universal nor independent. Still, tuna fishing boats and canneries operating under any of the various U.S. labeling standards are subject to surprise inspection and observation.〔Choice Magazine, issue April 2006.〕 For US import, companies face strict charges of fraud for any violation of the label standards,〔http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dolphinsafe/dsp.htm〕 while Earth Island Institute, an independent environmental organization, verifies the standards are met by more than 700 tuna companies outside the U.S through inspections of canneries, storage units, and audits of fishing logs.〔 International observers are increasingly part of the Dolphin Safe verification process, being present on virtually all purse seine tuna boats in the Pacific Ocean.〔5th Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee, IATTC 2014 http://www.iattc.org/meetings/meetings2014/maysac/5thmeetingscientificadvisorycommitteeeng.htm〕〔Implications for scientific data collection by observers of new requirements for 100% observer coverage of purse seiners. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia, WCPTC 2009 http://www.wcpfc.int/system/files/SC5-ST-WP-06%20%5BImplications%20for%20observer%20data%20collected%20from%20PS%5D.pdf〕 ==Background== (詳細はby-catch in tuna fisheries, especially in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, as they commonly swim with schools of yellowfin tuna. The dolphins, who swim closer to the surface than tuna, may be used as an indicator of tuna presence. Labeling was originally intended to discourage fishing boats from netting dolphins with tuna. The tuna fishery in the Eastern Tropical Pacific is the only fishery that deliberately targets, chases, and nets dolphins, resulting in estimates of 6-7million dolphins dying in tuna nets since the practice was introduced in the late 1950s, the largest directed kill of dolphins on Earth.〔https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=PRD&ParentMenuId=228&id=1408〕 With the onset of the Dolphin Safe label program, started in the US in 1990 but soon spreading to foreign tuna operations, the deaths of dolphins has decreased considerably, with official counts, based on observer coverage, of around 1,000 dolphins per year.〔 However, research by the US National Marine Fisheries Service has shown that chasing the dolphins causes baby dolphins to fall behind the pod, resulting in a large "cryptic" kill, likely damaging populations of dolphins, as the young starve or are eaten by sharks while the main pod is held by the nets.〔Gerrodette, T., and J. Forcada. 2005. Non-recovery of two spotted and spinner dolphin populations in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 291: 1-21 https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Research/Legal_Mandates/International_Dolphin_Conservation_Program_Act_(IDCPA)/GerrodetteandForcada2005MEPS.pdf〕〔Archer, F., T. Gerrodette, S. Chivers, and A. Jackson 2004. Annual estimates of missing calves in the pantropical spotted dolphin bycatch of the eastern tropical Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery. Fishery Bulletin 102:233-244 https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Programs/ETP_Cetacean_Assessment/Archeretal2004.pdf〕 Thus, claims that tuna fishing can continue to chase and net dolphins and not cause harm are not backed by scientific research. Dolphins do not associate with Skipjack tuna and this species is most likely to be truly "dolphin safe".〔 However, the species of tuna is not always mentioned on the can. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dolphin safe label」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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